The dinv adjustment of an integer partition.
The Ferrers shape of an integer partition $\lambda = (\lambda_1,\ldots,\lambda_k)$ can be decomposed into border strips. For $0 \leq j < \lambda_1$ let $n_j$ be the length of the border strip starting at $(\lambda_1-j,0)$.
The dinv adjustment is then defined by
$$\sum_{j:n_j > 0}(\lambda_1-1-j).$$
The following example is taken from Appendix B in [2]: Let $\lambda=(5,5,4,4,2,1)$. Removing the border strips successively yields the sequence of partitions
$$(5,5,4,4,2,1),(4,3,3,1),(2,2),(1),(),$$
and we obtain $(n_0,\ldots,n_4) = (10,7,0,3,1)$.
The dinv adjustment is thus $4+3+1+0 = 8$.

The cycle type of promotion on the linear extensions of a poset.

Return the conjugate partition of the partition.
The conjugate partition of the partition $\lambda$ of $n$ is the partition $\lambda^*$ whose Ferrers diagram is obtained from the diagram of $\lambda$ by interchanging rows with columns.
This is also called the associated partition or the transpose in the literature.

Sends a permutation to its permutation poset.
For a permutation $\pi$ of length $n$, this poset has vertices
$$\{ (i,\pi(i))\ :\ 1 \leq i \leq n \}$$
and the cover relation is given by $(w, x) \leq (y, z)$ if $w \leq y$ and $x \leq z$.
For example, the permutation $[3,1,5,4,2]$ is mapped to the poset with cover relations
$$\{ (2, 1) \prec (5, 2),\ (2, 1) \prec (4, 4),\ (2, 1) \prec (3, 5),\ (1, 3) \prec (4, 4),\ (1, 3) \prec (3, 5) \}.$$