Number of triples of incomparable elements in a finite poset.
For a finite poset this is the number of 3-element sets $S \in \binom{P}{3}$ that are pairwise incomparable.

The cell poset of the parallelogram polyomino corresponding to the Dyck path.
Let $D$ be a Dyck path of semilength $n$. The parallelogram polyomino $\gamma(D)$ is defined as follows: let $\tilde D = d_0 d_1 \dots d_{2n+1}$ be the Dyck path obtained by prepending an up step and appending a down step to $D$. Then, the upper path of $\gamma(D)$ corresponds to the sequence of steps of $\tilde D$ with even indices, and the lower path of $\gamma(D)$ corresponds to the sequence of steps of $\tilde D$ with odd indices.
This map returns the cell poset of $\gamma(D)$. In this partial order, the cells of the polyomino are the elements and a cell covers those cells with which it shares an edge and which are closer to the origin.

The left-to-right maxima of a permutation as a Dyck path.
Let $(c_1, \dots, c_k)$ be the rise composition Mp00102rise composition of the path. Then the corresponding left-to-right maxima are $c_1, c_1+c_2, \dots, c_1+\dots+c_k$.
Restricted to 321-avoiding permutations, this is the inverse of Mp00119to 321-avoiding permutation (Krattenthaler), restricted to 312-avoiding permutations, this is the inverse of Mp00031to 312-avoiding permutation.

Return a permutation whose multiset of invisible inversion bottoms is the multiset of descent views of the given permutation.
An invisible inversion of a permutation $\sigma$ is a pair $i < j$ such that $i < \sigma(j) < \sigma(i)$. The element $\sigma(j)$ is then an invisible inversion bottom.
A descent view in a permutation $\pi$ is an element $\pi(j)$ such that $\pi(i+1) < \pi(j) < \pi(i)$, and additionally the smallest element in the decreasing run containing $\pi(i)$ is smaller than the smallest element in the decreasing run containing $\pi(j)$.
This map is a bijection $\chi:\mathfrak S_n \to \mathfrak S_n$, such that

• the multiset of descent views in $\pi$ is the multiset of invisible inversion bottoms in $\chi(\pi)$,
• the set of left-to-right maxima of $\pi$ is the set of maximal elements in the cycles of $\chi(\pi)$,
• the set of global ascent of $\pi$ is the set of global ascent of $\chi(\pi)$,
• the set of maximal elements in the decreasing runs of $\pi$ is the set of weak deficiency positions of $\chi(\pi)$, and
• the set of minimal elements in the decreasing runs of $\pi$ is the set of weak deficiency values of $\chi(\pi)$.