The jump number of the poset.
A jump in a linear extension $e_1, \dots, e_n$ of a poset $P$ is a pair $(e_i, e_{i+1})$ so that $e_{i+1}$ does not cover $e_i$ in $P$. The jump number of a poset is the minimal number of jumps in linear extensions of a poset.

The partition regarded as a skew partition.

The cut-out partition of a Dyck path.
The partition $\lambda$ associated to a Dyck path is defined to be the complementary partition inside the staircase partition $(n-1,\ldots,2,1)$ when cutting out $D$ considered as a path from $(0,0)$ to $(n,n)$.
In other words, $\lambda_{i}$ is the number of down-steps before the $(n+1-i)$-th up-step of $D$.
This map is a bijection between Dyck paths of size $n$ and partitions inside the staircase partition $(n-1,\ldots,2,1)$.

The Young diagram of a skew partition regarded as a poset.
This is the poset on the cells of the Young diagram, such that a cell $d$ is greater than a cell $c$ if the entry in $d$ must be larger than the entry of $c$ in any standard Young tableau on the skew partition.