The dinv adjustment of an integer partition.
The Ferrers shape of an integer partition $\lambda = (\lambda_1,\ldots,\lambda_k)$ can be decomposed into border strips. For $0 \leq j < \lambda_1$ let $n_j$ be the length of the border strip starting at $(\lambda_1-j,0)$.
The dinv adjustment is then defined by
$$\sum_{j:n_j > 0}(\lambda_1-1-j).$$
The following example is taken from Appendix B in [2]: Let $\lambda=(5,5,4,4,2,1)$. Removing the border strips successively yields the sequence of partitions
$$(5,5,4,4,2,1),(4,3,3,1),(2,2),(1),(),$$
and we obtain $(n_0,\ldots,n_4) = (10,7,0,3,1)$.
The dinv adjustment is thus $4+3+1+0 = 8$.

Return a partition with the same number of odd parts and number of even parts interchanged with the number of cells with zero leg and odd arm length.
This is a special case of an involution that preserves the sequence of non-zero remainders of the parts under division by $s$ and interchanges the number of parts divisible by $s$ and the number of cells with zero leg length and arm length congruent to $s-1$ modulo $s$.
In particular, for $s=1$ the involution is conjugation, hence the name.

The Greene-Kleitman invariant of a poset.
This is the partition $(c_1 - c_0, c_2 - c_1, c_3 - c_2, \ldots)$, where $c_k$ is the maximum cardinality of a union of $k$ chains of the poset. Equivalently, this is the conjugate of the partition $(a_1 - a_0, a_2 - a_1, a_3 - a_2, \ldots)$, where $a_k$ is the maximum cardinality of a union of $k$ antichains of the poset.

The root poset of a finite Cartan type.
This is the poset on the set of positive roots of its root system where $\alpha \prec \beta$ if $\beta - \alpha$ is a simple root.