Sum of the projective dimensions of the simple modules in the Nakayama algebra corresponding to the Dyck path.

The weighted size of a partition. Let $\lambda = (\lambda_0\geq\lambda_1 \geq \dots\geq\lambda_m)$ be an integer partition. Then the weighted size of $\lambda$ is $$\sum_{i=0}^m i \cdot \lambda_i.$$ This is also the sum of the leg lengths of the cells in $\lambda$, or $$ \sum_i \binom{\lambda^{\prime}_i}{2} $$ where $\lambda^{\prime}$ is the conjugate partition of $\lambda$. This is the minimal number of inversions a permutation with the given shape can have, see [1, cor.2.2]. This is also the smallest possible sum of the entries of a semistandard tableau (allowing 0 as a part) of shape $\lambda=(\lambda_0,\lambda_1,\ldots,\lambda_m)$, obtained uniquely by placing $i-1$ in all the cells of the $i$th row of $\lambda$, see [2, eq.7.103].

The leg major index of a standard tableau. The leg length of a cell is the number of cells strictly below in the same column. This statistic is the sum of all leg lengths. Therefore, this is actually a statistic on the underlying integer partition. It happens to coincide with the (leg) major index of a tabloid restricted to standard Young tableaux, defined as follows: the descent set of a tabloid is the set of cells, not in the top row, whose entry is strictly larger than the entry directly above it. The leg major index is the sum of the leg lengths of the descents plus the number of descents.

The number of ways to select a row of a Ferrers shape and two cells in this row. Equivalently, if $\lambda = (\lambda_0\geq\lambda_1 \geq \dots\geq\lambda_m)$ is an integer partition, then the statistic is $$\frac{1}{2} \sum_{i=0}^m \lambda_i(\lambda_i -1).$$

The pebbling number of a connected graph.

Lusztig's a-function for the symmetric group. Let $x$ be a permutation corresponding to the pair of tableaux $(P(x),Q(x))$ by the Robinson-Schensted correspondence and $\operatorname{shape}(Q(x)')=( \lambda_1,...,\lambda_k)$ where $Q(x)'$ is the transposed tableau. Then $a(x)=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{k}{\binom{\lambda_i}{2}}$. See exercise 10 on page 198 in the book by Björner and Brenti "Combinatorics of Coxeter Groups" for equivalent characterisations and properties.

The area of a Dyck path. This is the number of complete squares in the integer lattice which are below the path and above the x-axis. The 'half-squares' directly above the axis do not contribute to this statistic. 1. Dyck paths are bijection with '''area sequences''' $(a_1,\ldots,a_n)$ such that $a_1 = 0, a_{k+1} \leq a_k + 1$. 2. The generating function $\mathbf{D}_n(q) = \sum_{D \in \mathfrak{D}_n} q^{\operatorname{area}(D)}$ satisfy the recurrence $$\mathbf{D}_{n+1}(q) = \sum q^k \mathbf{D}_k(q) \mathbf{D}_{n-k}(q).$$ 3. The area is equidistributed with [[St000005]] and [[St000006]]. Pairs of these statistics play an important role in the theory of $q,t$-Catalan numbers.

The inversion sum of a permutation. A pair $a < b$ is an inversion of a permutation $\pi$ if $\pi(a) > \pi(b)$. The inversion sum is given by $\sum(b-a)$ over all inversions of $\pi$. This is also half of the metric associated with Spearmans coefficient of association $\rho$, $\sum_i (\pi_i - i)^2$, see [5]. This is also equal to the total number of occurrences of the classical permutation patterns $[2,1], [2, 3, 1], [3, 1, 2]$, and $[3, 2, 1]$, see [2]. This is also equal to the rank of the permutation inside the alternating sign matrix lattice, see references [2] and [3]. This lattice is the MacNeille completion of the strong Bruhat order on the symmetric group [1], which means it is the smallest lattice containing the Bruhat order as a subposet. This is a distributive lattice, so the rank of each element is given by the cardinality of the associated order ideal. The rank is calculated by summing the entries of the corresponding ''monotone triangle'' and subtracting $\binom{n+2}{3}$, which is the sum of the entries of the monotone triangle corresponding to the identity permutation of $n$. This is also the number of bigrassmannian permutations (that is, permutations with exactly one left descent and one right descent) below a given permutation $\pi$ in Bruhat order, see Theorem 1 of [6].

The number of points below the Dyck path such that the diagonal to the north-east hits the path between two down steps, and the diagonal to the north-west hits the path between two up steps.

The reduced reflection length of the permutation. Let $T$ be the set of reflections in a Coxeter group and let $\ell(w)$ be the usual length function. Then the reduced reflection length of $w$ is $$\min\{r\in\mathbb N \mid w = t_1\cdots t_r,\quad t_1,\dots,t_r \in T,\quad \ell(w)=\sum \ell(t_i)\}.$$ In the case of the symmetric group, this is twice the depth [[St000029]] minus the usual length [[St000018]].