The number of descents of a permutation minus one if its first entry is not one.
This statistic appears in [1, Theorem 2.3] in a gamma-positivity result, see also [2].

Toric promotion of a permutation.
Let $\sigma\in\mathfrak S_n$ be a permutation and let
$\tau_{i, j}(\sigma) = \begin{cases} \sigma & \text{if $|\sigma^{-1}(i) - \sigma^{-1}(j)| = 1$}\\ (i, j)\circ\sigma & \text{otherwise}. \end{cases}$
The toric promotion operator is the product $\tau_{n,1}\tau_{n-1,n}\dots\tau_{1,2}$.
This is the special case of toric promotion on graphs for the path graph. Its order is $n-1$.

Return the permutation obtained by reading the entries of the tableau row by row, starting with the bottom-most row in English notation.

Sends a permutation to its image under the Foata bijection.
The Foata bijection $\phi$ is a bijection on the set of words with no two equal letters. It can be defined by induction on the size of the word:
Given a word $w_1 w_2 ... w_n$, compute the image inductively by starting with $\phi(w_1) = w_1$.
At the $i$-th step, if $\phi(w_1 w_2 ... w_i) = v_1 v_2 ... v_i$, define $\phi(w_1 w_2 ... w_i w_{i+1})$ by placing $w_{i+1}$ on the end of the word $v_1 v_2 ... v_i$ and breaking the word up into blocks as follows.

• If $w_{i+1} \geq v_i$, place a vertical line to the right of each $v_k$ for which $w_{i+1} \geq v_k$.
• If $w_{i+1} < v_i$, place a vertical line to the right of each $v_k$ for which $w_{i+1} < v_k$.

In either case, place a vertical line at the start of the word as well. Now, within each block between vertical lines, cyclically shift the entries one place to the right.
To compute $\phi([1,4,2,5,3])$, the sequence of words is

• $1$
• $|1|4 \to 14$
• $|14|2 \to 412$
• $|4|1|2|5 \to 4125$
• $|4|125|3 \to 45123.$

In total, this gives $\phi([1,4,2,5,3]) = [4,5,1,2,3]$.
This bijection sends the major index (St000004The major index of a permutation.) to the number of inversions (St000018The number of inversions of a permutation.).