The second largest eigenvalue of a graph if it is integral.
This statistic is undefined if the second largest eigenvalue of the graph is not integral.
Chapter 4 of [1] provides lots of context.

The DEX composition of a permutation.
Let $\pi$ be a permutation in $\mathfrak S_n$. Let $\bar\pi$ be the word in the ordered set $\bar 1 < \dots < \bar n < 1 \dots < n$ obtained from $\pi$ by replacing every excedance $\pi(i) > i$ by $\overline{\pi(i)}$. Then the DEX set of $\pi$ is the set of indices $1 \leq i < n$ such that $\bar\pi(i) > \bar\pi(i+1)$. Finally, the DEX composition $c_1, \dots, c_k$ of $n$ corresponds to the DEX subset $\{c_1, c_1 + c_2, \dots, c_1 + \dots + c_{k-1}\}$.
The (quasi)symmetric function
$$ \sum_{\pi\in\mathfrak S_{\lambda, j}} F_{DEX(\pi)}, $$
where the sum is over the set of permutations of cycle type $\lambda$ with $j$ excedances, is the Eulerian quasisymmetric function.

The threshold graph corresponding to the composition.
A threshold graph is a graph that can be obtained from the empty graph by adding successively isolated and dominating vertices.
A threshold graph is uniquely determined by its degree sequence.
The Laplacian spectrum of a threshold graph is integral. Interpreting it as an integer partition, it is the conjugate of the partition given by its degree sequence.

Return a 312-avoiding permutation corresponding to a binary tree.
The linear extensions of a binary tree form an interval of the weak order called the Sylvester class of the tree. This permutation is the minimal element of this Sylvester class.