The second largest eigenvalue of a graph if it is integral.
This statistic is undefined if the second largest eigenvalue of the graph is not integral.
Chapter 4 of [1] provides lots of context.

The threshold graph corresponding to the composition.
A threshold graph is a graph that can be obtained from the empty graph by adding successively isolated and dominating vertices.
A threshold graph is uniquely determined by its degree sequence.
The Laplacian spectrum of a threshold graph is integral. Interpreting it as an integer partition, it is the conjugate of the partition given by its degree sequence.

The complement of a composition.
The complement of a composition $I$ is defined as follows:
If $I$ is the empty composition, then the complement is also the empty composition. Otherwise, let $S$ be the descent set corresponding to $I=(i_1,\dots,i_k)$, that is, the subset
$$\{ i_1, i_1 + i_2, \ldots, i_1 + i_2 + \cdots + i_{k-1} \}$$
of $\{ 1, 2, \ldots, |I|-1 \}$. Then, the complement of $I$ is the composition of the same size as $I$, whose descent set is $\{ 1, 2, \ldots, |I|-1 \} \setminus S$.
The complement of a composition $I$ coincides with the reversal (Mp00038reverse) of the composition conjugate (Mp00041conjugate) to $I$.

The composition corresponding to the valley set of a standard tableau.
Let $T$ be a standard tableau of size $n$.
An entry $i$ of $T$ is a descent if $i+1$ is in a lower row (in English notation), otherwise $i$ is an ascent.
An entry $2 \leq i \leq n-1$ is a valley if $i-1$ is a descent and $i$ is an ascent.
This map returns the composition $c_1,\dots,c_k$ of $n$ such that $\{c_1, c_1+c_2,\dots, c_1+\dots+c_k\}$ is the valley set of $T$.