The jump number of the poset. A jump in a linear extension $e_1, \dots, e_n$ of a poset $P$ is a pair $(e_i, e_{i+1})$ so that $e_{i+1}$ does not cover $e_i$ in $P$. The jump number of a poset is the minimal number of jumps in linear extensions of a poset.

The diagonal inversion number of an integer partition. The dinv of a partition is the number of cells $c$ in the diagram of an integer partition $\lambda$ for which $\operatorname{arm}(c)-\operatorname{leg}(c) \in \{0,1\}$. See also exercise 3.19 of [2]. This statistic is equidistributed with the length of the partition, see [3].

The number of graphs with given frequency partition. The frequency partition of a graph on $n$ vertices is the partition obtained from its degree sequence by recording and sorting the frequencies of the numbers that occur. For example, the complete graph on $n$ vertices has frequency partition $(n)$. The path on $n$ vertices has frequency partition $(n-2,2)$, because its degree sequence is $(2,\dots,2,1,1)$. The star graph on $n$ vertices has frequency partition is $(n-1, 1)$, because its degree sequence is $(n-1,1,\dots,1)$. There are two graphs having frequency partition $(2,1)$: the path and an edge together with an isolated vertex.

The sum of the entries in the column specified by the partition of the change of basis matrix from elementary symmetric functions to Schur symmetric functions. For example, $e_{22} = s_{1111} + s_{211} + s_{22}$, so the statistic on the partition $22$ is $3$.

The Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity of a graph.

The size of the orbit of an integer partition in Bulgarian solitaire. Bulgarian solitaire is the dynamical system where a move consists of removing the first column of the Ferrers diagram and inserting it as a row. This statistic returns the number of partitions that can be obtained from the given partition.

The weighted size of a partition. Let $\lambda = (\lambda_0\geq\lambda_1 \geq \dots\geq\lambda_m)$ be an integer partition. Then the weighted size of $\lambda$ is $$\sum_{i=0}^m i \cdot \lambda_i.$$ This is also the sum of the leg lengths of the cells in $\lambda$, or $$\sum_i \binom{\lambda^{\prime}_i}{2}$$ where $\lambda^{\prime}$ is the conjugate partition of $\lambda$. This is the minimal number of inversions a permutation with the given shape can have, see [1, cor.2.2]. This is also the smallest possible sum of the entries of a semistandard tableau (allowing 0 as a part) of shape $\lambda=(\lambda_0,\lambda_1,\ldots,\lambda_m)$, obtained uniquely by placing $i-1$ in all the cells of the $i$th row of $\lambda$, see [2, eq.7.103].

The size of a minimal vertex cover of a graph. A '''vertex cover''' of a graph $G$ is a subset $S$ of the vertices of $G$ such that each edge of $G$ contains at least one vertex of $S$. Finding a minimal vertex cover is an NP-hard optimization problem.

The matching number of a graph. For a graph $G$, this is defined as the maximal size of a '''matching''' or '''independent edge set''' (a set of edges without common vertices) contained in $G$.

The number of parts of a partition that are strictly bigger than the number of ones. This is part of the definition of Dyson's crank of a partition, see [[St000474]].